{"id":215,"date":"2015-06-18T21:30:58","date_gmt":"2015-06-18T18:30:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/?p=215"},"modified":"2018-05-06T11:45:24","modified_gmt":"2018-05-06T08:45:24","slug":"tarih-oncesinde-ileri-uygarliklarin-izleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/2015\/06\/tarih-oncesinde-ileri-uygarliklarin-izleri\/","title":{"rendered":"TAR\u0130H \u00d6NCES\u0130NDE \u0130LER\u0130 UYGARLIKLARIN \u0130ZLER\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z, bizden \u00f6nce gelip ge\u00e7mi\u015f 40.000 insan nesline dayan\u0131r. Ke\u015ffedilen uygarl\u0131klar, yaz\u0131tlar, papir\u00fcsler ve kitaplar d\u00fcnya be\u015ferinin ser\u00fcvenini bir zaman \u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7inde sunarlar bize. Ki\u015fisel \u00e7abalar\u0131yla de\u011ferleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan ve bu tutumlar\u0131yla yery\u00fcz\u00fc toplumuna tohum i\u015flevi g\u00f6ren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler, dar kafal\u0131 ve tutucu \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131na meydan okuyarak, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ve evrenin san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck, daha ya\u015fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu as\u0131rlarca \u00f6nce ortaya koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Bu ger\u00e7ek bilim \u00f6nc\u00fcleri sayesinde son 400 y\u0131lda evrenin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve ya\u015f\u0131 konular\u0131yla ilgili kavramlar k\u00f6k\u00fcnden de\u011fi\u015fti. \u0130leti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 teknolojisindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fmeler nedeniyle, gezegenimiz tek bir topluluk olma yolunda h\u0131zla ilerlemektedir. Kendi kendimizi mahvetmeden, yer k\u00fcremizde b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmeyi ba\u015farabilirsek, evrensel nitelikli \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz bilgi birikimi, oldu\u011fu gibi ya da d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde y\u00fckselen (kesiksiz) bir e\u011fri halinde zaman\u0131m\u0131za kadar gelebilmi\u015f midir? Hay\u0131r!\u00a0 Ke\u015fke bu sorumuza \u2018Evet\u2019 yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 verebilseydik. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc klasik yazarlar\u0131n; eski (kadim) M\u0131s\u0131r, Babil, Hindistan, Meksika, Yunan, \u00c7in, orta\u00e7a\u011f ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f k\u00f6kenli kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 inceledi\u011fimizde, g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz ki, bilim ve sanat tarihi geli\u015fiminde, \u2018karanl\u0131k\u2019 ve \u2018ayd\u0131nl\u0131k\u2019 olarak niteleyebilece\u011fimiz d\u00f6nemler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"Cosmas<\/a>Bilimin ve sanat\u0131n \u2018g\u00fcnd\u00fczleri ve geceleri\u2019 as\u0131rl\u0131k d\u00f6nemler h\u00e2linde birbirini izleyerek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelmi\u015flerdir. Bir \u00f6rnek; \u201cD\u00fcnyam\u0131z d\u00f6rt k\u00f6\u015feli olup, \u0130berya Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019 ndan (\u0130spanya) Hindistan\u2019 a, Afrika\u2019dan Rusya\u2019ya de\u011fin uzan\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6rt k\u00f6\u015fe d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt duvar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcce y\u00fcce da\u011flar olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur ki, g\u00f6k kubbe de bu da\u011flar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde durur. D\u00fcnya ayn\u0131 zamanda sand\u0131k \u015feklinde bir yap\u0131d\u0131r ve bilinen t\u00fcm karalar ile denizler bu sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n taban\u0131nda bulunur.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6k kubbe bu sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n kapa\u011f\u0131, da\u011flar ise sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d Alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f bilim insan\u0131 ve k\u00e2\u015fif Cosmas Indicopleustes\u2019 in \u2018H\u0131ristiyan Topo\u011frafyas\u0131\u2019 adl\u0131 eserinde d\u00fcnyam\u0131z b\u00f6yle tan\u0131t\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Oysa bu bilim insan\u0131ndan 1000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce baz\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131n \u015fekli konusunda ger\u00e7e\u011fe daha yak\u0131n bilgilere sahipti: \u00d6rne\u011fin, Fisagor (M\u00d6.600) yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00fcre \u015feklinde oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde, daha ileride de de\u011finece\u011fimiz gibi; yukar\u0131dakilere benzer \u00f6rneklerin incelenmesinden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi (ayr\u0131ca, telefonun mucidi Alexander Graham Bell\u2019in de belirtti\u011fi gibi) asl\u0131nda, kadim yol ve y\u00f6ntemler yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, eski deneyler \/ deneyimler yinelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fu ya da bu nedenle hen\u00fcz okullar\u0131m\u0131zda okutulmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, eldeki belgeler g\u00f6stermektedir ki; Fleming\u2019 den \u00f6nce penisilin, Wright Karde\u015fler \u2019den \u00f6nce u\u00e7ak, K. Kolomb\u2019 dan \u00f6nce Amerika K\u0131tas\u0131, Galile\u2019 den \u00f6nce J\u00fcpiter\u2019in uydular\u0131, Apollo u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce AY, Volta\u2019dan \u00f6nce pil bilinmekteydi…<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yak\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte SETI Projesi\u2019 yle ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yap\u0131lan \u2018d\u00fcnya d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fam\u2019\u00a0 konusu M\u00d6. 500\u2019 lerde halledilmi\u015fti. S\u00fcmerliler evrende yaln\u0131z olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 biliyorlard\u0131. Okullar\u0131m\u0131zda Kristof Kolomb taraf\u0131ndan ilk olarak ke\u015ffedildi\u011fini okuttu\u011fumuz Amerika K\u0131tas\u0131 M\u00d6. 500\u2019 l\u00fc y\u0131llarda biliniyordu. Bu, bir bak\u0131ma, her ne nedenle olursa olsun, ger\u00e7e\u011fi \u00f6rt-bas etmek (Kur\u2019an\u2019sal s\u00f6ylemiyle \u201ck\u00fcfr\u201d) ve insanlar\u0131 yan\u0131ltmak, haber alma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc engellemek de\u011fil midir? Neyse, bu i\u015fin ayr\u0131 bir yan\u0131… Ba\u015fka bir yaz\u0131m\u0131zda konunun o yan\u0131na da de\u011finiriz.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bunlar bize g\u00f6steriyor ki, ge\u00e7mi\u015fin karanl\u0131klar\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar olan (ya da \u00f6yle olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz) bilgi ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 (\u015fimdi, as\u0131l konumuzla ilgili olmayan) bir\u00e7ok nedenlerle (ki bunlara b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerin yak\u0131lmas\u0131 da d\u00e2hildir) engellenmi\u015f ve d\u00fcnya insan\u0131 bir\u00e7ok ger\u00e7e\u011fi yeniden ke\u015ffetmek zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hatta bunu o kadar do\u011fal bir \u015feymi\u015f gibi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki, y\u00fczy\u0131llarca \u00f6nce bilinen bir \u015feyin mucidi kendisi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015f ve okullarda bu yolda \u00f6\u011fretim yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

21.Y.Y.\u2019 a girdi\u011fimiz \u015fu zamanda da durum eskisinden farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Yani \u00e7ok eskilerin bildi\u011fi pek \u00e7ok \u015fey, hi\u00e7 yokmu\u015f gibi h\u00e2l\u00e2 gizlenmekte ya da \u2018efsane\/hayal\u2019 yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla ge\u00e7i\u015ftirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmakta, yeniden bulunmaya ya da yeniden kan\u0131tlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bize tarihin derinliklerinden g\u00f6z k\u0131rp\u0131p duran \u00f6rnekleri birlikte g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyoruz:<\/p>\n

1- Ven\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fimleri konusundaki ilk modern (?) g\u00f6zlemler Galileo ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendisi bu konuda \u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cA\u015fk\u0131n annesi olan Ven\u00fcs, Ay\u0131n hareketlerini taklit eder.\u201d Galileo\u2019dan \u00e7ok \u00e7ok \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Babil\u2019li g\u00f6zlemci (astronom) rahipler de Ven\u00fcs\u2019e \u201cAY\u2019\u0131n k\u0131zkarde\u015fi\u201d ya da \u201cAY\u2019 \u0131n ulu k\u0131z\u0131\u201d diyorlard\u0131. Ven\u00fcs, parlakl\u0131k y\u00f6n\u00fcnden, J\u00fcpiter\u2019e daha \u00e7ok benzer ve \u00e7\u0131plak g\u00f6zle bak\u0131l\u0131nca, ona \u2018J\u00fcpiterin k\u0131zkarde\u015fi\u2019 demek daha uygundur.<\/p>\n

Bu da bize, Babil\u2019in rahip bilginlerinin Ven\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn AY\u2019 a benzer de\u011fi\u015fimler g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini bildiklerini kan\u0131tlamasa bile, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmez mi? Babil bilgeleri J\u00fcpiter\u2019in teleskopsuz g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen d\u00f6rt uydusunu kay\u0131tlar\u0131na ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdi. Prof. George Rawlinson bu konuda \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201cJ\u00fcpiter\u2019in d\u00f6rt uydusunu g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinin kesin kan\u0131t\u0131 var. Sat\u00fcrn\u2019\u00fcn 7 uydusunu bildiklerine inanabiliriz.\u201d (G.Rawlinson, Kadim Do\u011fu D\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n Be\u015f B\u00fcy\u00fck Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, Cilt-3)<\/p>\n

2-Demokritus \u00f6\u011frencilerine uzayda d\u00fcnyalar\u0131n do\u011fduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve orada \u00f6ld\u00fcklerini \u00f6\u011fretirdi. Bu d\u00fcnyalardan ancak baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015famaya elveri\u015fli oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerdi. M\u00d6. 500-428 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Yunanl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr Anaxagoras da, \u201c\u00dczerlerinde ya\u015fam bar\u0131nd\u0131rabilecek nitelikte ba\u015fka d\u00fcnyalar\u201d konusunda yaz\u0131lar yazard\u0131.<\/p>\n

3- D\u00fcnyan\u0131n belki de ilk hesap makinas\u0131 \u00c7inliler\u2019 in 2600 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u2018abak\u00fcs\u2019 tur. H\u00e2l\u00e2 kullan\u0131lan abak\u00fcs ile inan\u0131lmaz hesaplar yap\u0131labilmektedir. \u0130skenderiye m\u00fchendisleri bundan 2000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce 100 \u00e7e\u015fitten fazla otomat imal etmi\u015flerdi. \u0130karus\u2019 un babas\u0131 olan Daedalus\u2019un kendiliklerinden hareket eden ve t\u0131pk\u0131 insana benzeyen makinalar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir…Garcilaso de La Vega\u2019n\u0131n anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, Rimak Vadisi\u2019ndeki \u0130nka Heykeli konu\u015fur ve sorulan sorular\u0131 yan\u0131tlarm\u0131\u015f, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz bilgisayarlar\u0131 gibi…<\/p>\n

Kadim Roma Ordular\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a girdiklerinde, Memnon\u2019un M\u00d6.1500 y\u0131l\u0131nda dikilmi\u015f olan ve \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen heykelini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Do\u011fan g\u00fcne\u015f heykelin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ayd\u0131nlat\u0131r ayd\u0131nlatmaz, heykelin i\u00e7inden m\u00fczik na\u011fmeleri y\u00fckseliyordu.<\/p>\n

4- Zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan as\u0131rlarca, hatta binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan insanlar\u0131n h\u00e2l\u00e2 ak\u0131l erdiremedi\u011fimiz ve gururumuza yediremedi\u011fimiz i\u00e7in kabule yana\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z aletler, desenler, gizemli ta\u015flar ve garip yer i\u015faretlerinden s\u00f6z a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131nca, piramitlere de\u011finmeden ge\u00e7ilir mi? Ku\u015fkusuz, burada piramitlerin yap\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan ve ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 gizemden uzun uzun s\u00f6z edecek de\u011filiz fakat a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da aktaraca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z iki konu, bu yap\u0131lar\u0131 hala mezar an\u0131t sananlar\u0131 biraz daha ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya (hi\u00e7 de\u011filse susup, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye) y\u00f6neltecektir:<\/p>\n

a) Kefren Piramidi Eyl\u00fcl 1967\u2019de kozmik \u0131\u015f\u0131n cihazlar\u0131yla,<\/p>\n

b) Piramitler konusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ba\u015fka bir bilim insan\u0131 detekt\u00f6r kontrol\u00fcnden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Cihaz, her y\u00f6n\u00fcyle, kusursuz \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu piramidin k\u00f6\u015feleriyle yanlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclebiliyordu. Fakat 1967 ile 1969 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n ald\u0131klar\u0131 kay\u0131tlar Kahire \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde IBM-11-30 bilgisayarlar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7irildiklerinde, \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir durum ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131: Ses bantlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck kay\u0131tlar\u0131 birbirini hi\u00e7 tutmuyordu.<\/p>\n

\u0130ncelemenin y\u00f6neticisi Prof.Emir Gohed, \u201cB\u00f6yle bir \u015fey bilimsel y\u00f6nden olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. Burada fen ile alay eden bir gizem var. Piramitlerde bilmedi\u011fimiz bir g\u00fc\u00e7, bizim bilime\/bilgilerimize meydan okuyor…\u201d<\/p>\n

Prof. Ghaneim de \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yordu: \u201d…S\u00f6zgelimi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir kez; piramitlerin i\u00e7inde, ta derinlerde, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyadan \u00f6ylesine yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bo\u015fluklar var ki, buralara taze hava ancak piramit kapat\u0131ld\u0131ktan 4000 y\u0131l sonra bu bo\u015fluklar\u0131 bulanlar taraf\u0131ndan getirilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6te yandan, yan duvarlar, taban ve tavanlar reng\u00e2renk ve \u00e7ok ince hiyeroglif ve fresklerle kapl\u0131d\u0131r ve bu resimler hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz i\u00e7erde, piramidin in\u015fas\u0131 tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Peki, ama bu i\u015fin sanatk\u00e2rlar\u0131 hangi \u0131\u015f\u0131kta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131? B\u00f6ylesine incelik ve kusursuzlukta yap\u0131tlar verebilmek i\u00e7in, en a\u015fa\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 gerekmektedir. Me\u015fale ve lamba \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu i\u015f i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildir. Nitekim bu sistemle ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcm bo\u015fluklarda rastlanan duman ya da sis izine burada rastlayamad\u0131k.\u201d<\/p>\n

5- Ba\u011fdat kanalizasyonunu in\u015fa etmekle g\u00f6revli bir Alman m\u00fchendis y\u00f6resel m\u00fczenin \u2018\u00f6nemsiz \u00f6teberi…\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 nesneler aras\u0131nda \u2018din e\u015fyas\u0131\u2019 olarak etiketlendirilmi\u015f ve hala \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir durumda elektrik pilleri bulmu\u015ftu. Bu ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7 ta Sasaniler hanedan\u0131 (MS.226-630) zaman\u0131ndan kalmayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu bulu\u015ftan sonra y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda, 2000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden ba\u015flayarak, genellikle elektri\u011fin ve \u00f6zellikle galvanoplastini b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131kla koruyan bir tarikat\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu. Yine de, \u201cBa\u011fdatl\u0131 eski elektrik\u00e7iler\u201d yeni bir \u015fey icat etmi\u015f say\u0131lmazlard\u0131. \u015eehrin birka\u00e7 kilometre g\u00fcneyinde, eski Babil\u2019in merkezinde 3-4 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplanan ak\u00fcm\u00fclat\u00f6rler g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rneklerin ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na daha fazla giremiyoruz; hi\u00e7 de\u011filse, \u00f6teki \u00f6rnekleri sorular \u015feklinde ortaya koyup b\u0131rakal\u0131m da, ilgilenen okurlar\u0131m\u0131za ipucu ve ilgilerini ate\u015fleyecek edecek birer k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m olsun…<\/p>\n