{"id":2389,"date":"2015-07-19T15:21:40","date_gmt":"2015-07-19T12:21:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/?p=2389"},"modified":"2015-10-02T16:41:27","modified_gmt":"2015-10-02T13:41:27","slug":"adamotunun-buyusu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/2015\/07\/adamotunun-buyusu\/","title":{"rendered":"Adamotu’nun B\u00fcy\u00fcs\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\"mandragora_officinarum_fr_AGauliard_Dieng\"<\/a>Tarih boyunca, gizemli b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcler d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en etkili bitkisi adamotu olmu\u015ftur. Adamotu, Akdeniz ikliminin h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde yeti\u015fen \u00e7ok y\u0131ll\u0131k bir bitkidir. \u0130ri yapraklara sahip bitkinin g\u00f6vdesi \u00e7ok k\u0131sa oldu\u011fundan yerle bir gibidir. Rozet yapraklar\u0131n ortas\u0131nda mor \u00e7i\u00e7ekler ve daha sonra sar\u0131ms\u0131 renkli meyveler yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7o\u011fu zaman adamotunun ate\u015f renkli oldu\u011fu ve geceleri \u015fim\u015fek gibi \u0131\u015f\u0131klar sa\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir. Bir y\u0131ld\u0131z gibi parlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya ufukta titrek bir alev gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in “\u015eeytan Mumu” gibi isimler verilmi\u015ftir. Bu bir dereceye kadar do\u011frudur. Zira s\u0131cak iklimlerde yeti\u015fen bir bitki olan adamotunun \u00fczerinde ate\u015fb\u00f6cekleri s\u0131k\u00e7a toplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak, bitkinin en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi insan \u015feklindeki kal\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fcd\u00fcr ve bitkinin baz\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri en az alt\u0131 bin y\u0131ld\u0131r bilinmektedir. Eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar k\u00f6k\u00fc bir s\u0131v\u0131da (muhtemelen alkol) bekleterek elde ettikleri ekstreye “Hayat Suyu” (Ab-\u0131 Hayat) ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fler ve bunun i\u00e7en ki\u015fiye sa\u011fl\u0131k, canl\u0131l\u0131k ve uzun \u00f6m\u00fcr verece\u011fine inanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lara g\u00f6re bitki ilahi bir g\u00fcce sahipti ve bu \u00f6zelliklerini ilahlarla olan ili\u015fkisinden al\u0131yordu. Bu y\u00fczden, adamotunu evlerinin bir k\u00f6\u015fesine koyar ve \u00f6n\u00fcnde mum yakarlard\u0131. Eski toplumlarda, bug\u00fcn Hristiyanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi,\u00a0 ilahi tasvirlerin \u00f6n\u00fcnde ate\u015f yakma \u00e2deti yayg\u0131nd\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar adamotuna adak adarlar ve onu dualar\u0131nda y\u00fcceltirlerdi.<\/p>\n

Adamotunu b\u00f6ylesine \u00f6zel yapan neydi? Adamotunun v\u00fccutta uyu\u015fma yapan bir etkisi vard\u0131r ve bu etki g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131lan lokal anesteziklerin etkisinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu etkinin sebep oldu\u011fu sersemlik hali ge\u00e7ici bir delili\u011fe yol a\u00e7abilir, y\u00fcksek dozda ise \u00f6l\u00fcme sebep olur. Alkolle al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sarho\u015fluk yan\u0131nda zevkli ve sakinle\u015ftirici bir pinekleme meydana getirir. Ki\u015fi bu hale b\u00fcy\u00fck stres ve ac\u0131 safhalar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erek ula\u015f\u0131r. Yani bitkinin uyu\u015fturucu \u00f6zelli\u011fi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bitkinin bu \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bilinmeyen, esrarl\u0131 bir g\u00fcce sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bitkinin k\u00f6klerinin insan \u015feklinde olmas\u0131 bunu do\u011frulayan bir kan\u0131t olarak alg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00f6k\u00fcn bazen erkek bazen da kad\u0131n v\u00fccudu \u015feklinde olmas\u0131 sempatik b\u00fcy\u00fcde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bitkinin sar\u0131ms\u0131 renkli meyvelerin yenmesiyle hem erkek hem de kad\u0131n\u0131n cinsel g\u00fcce ve verimlili\u011fe sahip oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7o\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde meyvenin yenmesi hamile kalman\u0131n bir garantisi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. K\u00f6kler ise, bilhassa do\u011furganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 simgeleyen bir t\u0131ls\u0131m olarak v\u00fccut \u00fczerinde ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Belki de bu y\u00fczden, a\u015fk, g\u00fczellik ve \u015fehvet tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 Afrodit’e “Mandragonitis” lakab\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. \u0130yonyal\u0131lar bitkiyi “Mand\u0131ragor” ad\u0131yla bilirdi. Odysseus destan\u0131nda Circe’nin argonotlara adamotu ile b\u00fcy\u00fc yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsedilir.<\/p>\n

Adamotundan \u0130ncil’de de bahsedilir. Genesis’te “Reuben hasat zaman\u0131nda gitti ve tarlada adamotunu buldu. Rachel onu kulland\u0131. Hamile kald\u0131 ve bir o\u011flan do\u011furdu” diye yazar. (Not:\u00a0 1963’te bir grup Hintli bilim adam\u0131 Bombay’da Adamotundan haz\u0131rlanan bir ekstreyle k\u0131s\u0131r kad\u0131nlar\u0131n erkek \u00e7ocuk do\u011furdu\u011funu iddia ettiler). \u0130srail’de bu\u011fday hasad\u0131 zaman\u0131 olgunla\u015fan sar\u0131ms\u0131 erik benzeri meyveler son derece tatl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Belli miktar yendi\u011finde ba\u015f d\u00f6nmesi yapar, fazlas\u0131 delirmeye kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilir. D\u00f6llenmeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden a\u015fk iksirlerinde uzun s\u00fcre kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130srail’de olgun adamotu meyvelerinden haz\u0131rlanan bir i\u00e7ki yeni evli \u00e7iftlere pazarlanmaktad\u0131r. Yahudiler adamotu k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fc ruhlara kar\u015f\u0131 t\u0131ls\u0131m olarak kullan\u0131rlard\u0131. Adamotu bug\u00fcn dahi Do\u011fu Akdeniz ve Orta Do\u011fu \u00fclkelerinde a\u015fk t\u0131ls\u0131m\u0131 ve u\u011fur olarak ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Adamotunun tek \u00f6zelli\u011fi a\u015fk ve do\u011furganl\u0131k sembol\u00fc veya t\u0131ls\u0131m\u0131 olmas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Rivayete g\u00f6re Hazreti S\u00fcleyman adamotu k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fch\u00fcr y\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ta\u015f\u0131rd\u0131 ve bunun kendisine ruhlar \u00fczerinde h\u00e2kimiyet g\u00fcc\u00fc verdi\u011fine inan\u0131rd\u0131. Hipokrat bitkinin a\u011fr\u0131, kuruntu ve buhran\u0131 tedavi edici bir narkotik oldu\u011funu teslim etmekle birlikte, zehirlerle ilgili bilinmeyen \u015feytani g\u00fcce sahip sihirli bir bitki oldu\u011funu da belirtmeden ge\u00e7memi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\"mandr-602x862\"<\/a>Anibal, Kartaca’n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan Afrika ordusunu yenmekte adamotunu kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sava\u015fta geri \u00e7ekilir gibi yapm\u0131\u015f, terk etti\u011fi kararg\u00e2h\u0131nda adamotu k\u00f6k\u00fcnde bekletilmi\u015f k\u00fcp k\u00fcp \u015farap b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. D\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 zaferlerini kutlamak i\u00e7in \u015farab\u0131 i\u00e7ip miskinle\u015fince gelip hepsini ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Sezar ve B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in de seferlerinde adamotu’nu benzer \u015fekilde kulland\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir. Sezar adamotunu Sicilyal\u0131 korsanlara kar\u015f\u0131, B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender ise do\u011fu seferi esnas\u0131nda kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Romal\u0131 askerler, mahkumlar\u0131na i\u015fkence edip \u00e7arm\u0131ha germeden \u00f6nce, “\u00d6l\u00fcm \u015earab\u0131” ya da “Morion” denen bir i\u00e7ki i\u00e7iriyorlard\u0131. Bu i\u00e7ki adamotundan yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u015earab\u0131 i\u00e7en \u00f6l\u00fcme benzer bir uyku haline giriyor, nefesi kesilip, nabz\u0131 duruyordu.<\/p>\n

Bu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fince, adam \u00e7arm\u0131htan indirilip, g\u00f6m\u00fclmek \u00fczere ailesine teslim ediliyordu. Ancak bazen, mahk\u00fbm g\u00f6m\u00fclmeden \u00f6nce diriliyordu. Bu y\u00fczden, bir d\u00f6nemde, askerlere, v\u00fccutlar\u0131 teslim etmeden \u00f6nce delik de\u015fik etme emri verildi. Hazreti \u0130sa \u00e7arm\u0131htayken dudaklar\u0131n\u0131 \u0131slatmakta kullan\u0131lan s\u00fcnger de b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle adamotu ve mirra (m\u00fcrr\u00fcsafi) ekstresi ta\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Zira “Uyutan S\u00fcnger” (Spongia Somnifera) daha sonralar\u0131 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130talya’s\u0131nda cerrahi operasyonlarda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00dcnl\u00fc Anadolu Hekimi Dioscorides, adamotu k\u00f6k kabu\u011fundan haz\u0131rlanan \u015farab\u0131n anestezik olarak, ameliyat olacak ve da\u011flanacak hastalara verildi\u011fini 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bildirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Pliny’nin zaman\u0131nda adamotu t\u0131pta anestezik olarak \u00e7ok kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. A\u015fk t\u0131ls\u0131m\u0131 olarak da etkisi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc. Bitkinin her k\u0131sm\u0131 yararl\u0131yd\u0131. Yapraklar\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan \u00e7ay yaralara ve iltihaplara kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bazan fitil olarak verilirdi. K\u00f6k kabu\u011fu idrarla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra kusturucu, m\u00fcshil ve a\u011fr\u0131 kesici olarak verilirdi.<\/p>\n

\u0130bni Sina (980-1037) Kanun adl\u0131 eserinde adamotu tohumundan haz\u0131rlanan lapan\u0131n eklem a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 giderdi\u011finden ve tohum dekoksiyonunun ise rahim hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirdi\u011finden bahseder. 10. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Davut el-Antaki de Tezkere-i Davut adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda adamotunun suyu ile gargara yap\u0131l\u0131rsa di\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, ba\u015fa lapas\u0131 konulursa ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irdi\u011fini yazar ve a\u011fr\u0131 ve uykusuzlu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z eder.<\/p>\n

Orta\u00e7a\u011fda adamotu k\u00f6k\u00fc dekoksiyonu ameliyatlarda kullan\u0131lan tek aneztezikti. 14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda biraz g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve yerine adamotu (Mandragora), bald\u0131ran (Conium maculatum), afyon (Opium), yabani marul (Lactuca) ve yer sarma\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Glechoma hederacea)\u00a0 tent\u00fcr\u00fc ile \u0131slat\u0131lan s\u00fcnger,\u00a0 “Soporific Sponge” ad\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. \u0130htiya\u00e7 halinde, \u0131slat\u0131lan s\u00fcnger hastan\u0131n burnundan ak\u0131t\u0131l\u0131yordu. Uykuya dalan hastan\u0131n kendine gelmesi i\u00e7in so\u011fan sirkesi koklat\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Adamotu afrodizyak ve anestezik etkilerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc tarih boyunca \u00f6nemini hi\u00e7 yitirmemi\u015f olmakla birlikte, Orta \u00c7a\u011flarda esrarl\u0131 ve gizli inan\u00e7lar\u0131n sembol\u00fc haline geldi. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 miktarda al\u0131nan k\u00f6k bir insan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrebilir veya halusinojenik hezeyanlar i\u00e7inde delirtebilirdi. Bu y\u00fczden, bir zamanlar iyilik timsali dini bir obje olan adamotu, zamanla k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck timsali \u015feytani bir sembol haline geldi. “A\u015fk Elmas\u0131” denen “Hayat Verici” meyvalara “\u015eeytan Elmas\u0131” ad\u0131 verildi. Bitkinin k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6kmek isteyenlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck tehlike alt\u0131nda olduklar\u0131 s\u00f6ylentisi yay\u0131ld\u0131 ve k\u00f6k\u00fcn topraktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zel y\u00f6ntemler geli\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n

\"sknymanb\"<\/a>K\u00f6k\u00fc \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in en iyi zaman dolunay gecesiydi. Bitkiye r\u00fczg\u00e2r y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yakla\u015fmak gerekirdi zira bitki zehirli gazlar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rd\u0131. Bitki kendisini topraktan s\u00f6ken her canl\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahipti. Pliny’ye g\u00f6re,\u00a0 k\u00f6k s\u00f6k\u00fcc\u00fc elindeki k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n ucunu bitkinin \u00fcst\u00fcnde tutarak etraf\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 kez d\u00f6ner, bitkinin etraf\u0131ndaki topra\u011f\u0131 itina ile temizler, y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc bat\u0131ya \u00e7evirerek k\u00f6k\u00fc topraktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rd\u0131. 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f J.Flavius’a g\u00f6re ise, a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00f6ke uzun bir ip ba\u011flar ve ipin ucunu halka yap\u0131p bir hafta a\u00e7 b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f siyah bir k\u00f6pe\u011fin boynuna ge\u00e7irdikten sonra, k\u00f6pe\u011fe bir et par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 koklat\u0131p uza\u011fa f\u0131rlat\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Eti kapmak i\u00e7in f\u0131rlayan k\u00f6pek k\u00f6k\u00fcn topraktan s\u00f6k\u00fclmesini sa\u011flard\u0131. Rivayete g\u00f6re o an bitki kulaklar\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131r eden ac\u0131 bir \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131k atar ve k\u00f6pek k\u0131vran\u0131p, inleyerek \u00f6l\u00fcrd\u00fc. K\u00f6k s\u00f6k\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bitkinin ac\u0131 \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan etkilenmemesi i\u00e7in kulaklar\u0131n\u0131 mumla s\u0131k\u0131ca kapamas\u0131 \u00f6nerilirdi. K\u00f6k\u00fcn yaralar\u0131ndan parlak k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kan akard\u0131. K\u00f6k\u00fc insan s\u00f6kse \u00e7\u0131ld\u0131rabilir ya da ac\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00f6lebilirdi. Bitkinin ruhunu \u015feytandan alan canl\u0131 bir v\u00fccut ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Topraktan s\u00f6k\u00fclen k\u00f6k hemen bir akarsuda y\u0131kan\u0131p \u015feytandan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu rivayetler, yurdumuzun Ege ve Akdeniz b\u00f6lgelerinde hala s\u00f6ylenmektedir. K\u00f6kleri topraktan \u00e7\u0131karan\u0131n sa\u011f\u0131r oldu\u011fu ve cin \u00e7arpmas\u0131 ile \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc inanc\u0131 Anadolu’da yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fundan, bu i\u015f i\u00e7in hala k\u00f6pek kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu esnada, bitkinin \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k yapmas\u0131n diye davul ve teneke \u00e7al\u0131n\u0131r. Prof. Turhan Baytop’a g\u00f6re, bunlar k\u00f6k\u00e7\u00fclerin ba\u015fkalar\u0131 k\u00f6k s\u00f6kmesin diye yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayetlerden ibarettir.<\/p>\n

Bir inanca g\u00f6re, adamotu dara\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda yeti\u015firdi. Bunun sebebi, masumken as\u0131lan ki\u015filerin topra\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fen g\u00f6zya\u015flar\u0131ndan \u00fcremesiydi. Bir ba\u015fka izaha g\u00f6re, adamotu as\u0131lan adamlar\u0131n topra\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fen idrar\u0131ndan veya menisinden meydana gelirdi. Baz\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re, dara\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda adamotu yeti\u015fmesi i\u00e7in as\u0131lan ki\u015finin bir h\u0131rs\u0131z veya bakir ya da bakire olmas\u0131 gerekirdi. \u0130zlanda’da adamotu’na “H\u0131rs\u0131zk\u00f6k\u00fc” (Thjofarot) ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n

Zira as\u0131lan h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p topra\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fen k\u00f6p\u00fcklerden t\u00fcredi\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden. adamotu’nun bir ad\u0131 da “Little Gallows Man” (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Dara\u011fac\u0131 Adam\u0131)’d\u0131r. Adamotu ile \u00f6l\u00fcm aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki \u00f6ylesine g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kurulmu\u015ftu ki bu esrarl\u0131 bitkinin intihar eden ki\u015filerin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerde yeti\u015fti\u011fine de inan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Toplanmas\u0131 b\u00f6ylesine tehlike arz eden bitkiye olan talep onun afrodizyak \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmas\u0131nda ve t\u0131ls\u0131m olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda yat\u0131yordu. \u0130nan\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re, kutsal g\u00fcnlerde, baz\u0131 ilahilerin e\u015fli\u011finde topraktan s\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde sahibine \u015fans getirirdi. \u0130nsan\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez yapar, zengin hazinelere ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Sahibini ciddi yaralanmalardan ve sakatl\u0131klardan korurdu.<\/p>\n

\"0e60148c5666b6e7710e1fb39f813b88\"<\/a>Bir ki\u015fiden hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u0131p ba\u015fka bir ki\u015fiye ge\u00e7irebilirdi. Hava durumunu de\u011fi\u015ftirir, hayvanlar\u0131n yaralar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirir, arzulanan ki\u015fiyi getirebilir –\u00a0 \u00d6zetle sahibi ne dilerse yapabilirdi. Daha \u00f6nemlisi gelecekten haber vermesiydi. O g\u00fcnk\u00fc inan\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re, gelecekle ilgili sorulan sorulara cevap verir, g\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya d\u00f6kerdi. \u0130talya’da boynuna kadar topra\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fclen adamotu k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fcn sorulan t\u00fcm sorulara cevap verdi\u011fi iddia edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Bir d\u00f6nem, adamotuna tap\u0131n\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131 ve adamotu b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fclerin ayr\u0131lmaz par\u00e7as\u0131 haline geldi. Orta \u00c7a\u011f Almanya\u2019s\u0131ndan adamotunu kutsal sayan bir k\u00fclt \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda yay\u0131lma g\u00f6sterdi. Adamotu k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fcn fiyat\u0131 h\u0131zla y\u00fckseldi. Artan talep y\u00fcz\u00fcnden baz\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7 oymac\u0131lar\u0131 ve \u015farlatanlar adamotu benzeri bitkilerin k\u00f6k\u00fcne yeti\u015fkin erkek veya kad\u0131n \u015fekli veriyor ve bunu “Alraun” (Adamotu) diye sat\u0131yorlard\u0131. Alraun, \u0130ngilizce, “Allrun” dan t\u00fcretilmi\u015fti ve \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc adam\u0131n kafatas\u0131ndan kan\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7en\u00a0 ve cesediyle b\u00fcy\u00fc yapan, h\u0131rpani k\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcleri simgeliyordu.<\/p>\n

Bu heykelciklerin \u015feytani g\u00fc\u00e7lere sahip oldu\u011funa ve bu g\u00fcc\u00fcn sahibi taraf\u0131ndan iyi veya k\u00f6t\u00fc ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.\u00a0 Alraun’lar\u0131n de\u011ferleri a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131nca alt\u0131nla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. B\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131ymetinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc saklanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in usuller geli\u015ftirildi. Beyaz bir kuma\u015fla veya pelerinle sar\u0131lmal\u0131 ve pelerinin u\u00e7lar\u0131 alt\u0131n bir iple tutturulmal\u0131yd\u0131. Ya da saf ipek i\u00e7inde saklanmal\u0131yd\u0131. Heykelcik \u00f6zel bir kutuda saklan\u0131rd\u0131. Her cuma g\u00fcn\u00fc kutusundan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak y\u0131kanmal\u0131yd\u0131. Y\u0131kama suyu hamile kad\u0131nlar\u0131n do\u011fum sanc\u0131lar\u0131na birebirdi.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fal olarak, kilise ve yerel idareler bu heykelciklerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan haberdard\u0131 ve bir s\u00fcre sonra heykelcikler sahiplerine \u00f6l\u00fcm getirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Zira, sahipleri b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fckle su\u00e7lan\u0131p idam edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. 1630’da Hamburg’da \u00fc\u00e7 kad\u0131n adamotu heykelci\u011fine sahip olduklar\u0131ndan idam edildiler.<\/p>\n

\u0130damlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a sahipleri heykelcikleri elden \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ama anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, bu fig\u00fcrden kurtulmak imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131. Evden at\u0131lan heykelcik bir s\u00fcre sonra evde tekrar beliriyordu. Yakmakla veya nehre atmakla kurtulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Zira k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, hi\u00e7bir \u015fey olmam\u0131\u015f gibi kutular\u0131nda beliriyorlard\u0131. \u015eeytani g\u00fc\u00e7leri insan\u0131n ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kamayaca\u011f\u0131 kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00fczden, bu fig\u00fcre sahip “b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fclerin” as\u0131lmalar\u0131, yak\u0131lmalar\u0131 ve lin\u00e7ler uzunca bir s\u00fcre devam etti. Fransa’da Orleans yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bir kad\u0131n evinde di\u015fi maymun benzeri bir adamotu fig\u00fcr\u00fc “iblis” bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in dara\u011fac\u0131n\u0131 boylad\u0131. Jean d’Arc dahi g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcnde bir par\u00e7a adamotu k\u00f6k\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131makla itham edildi. Bunu ve hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan pek \u00e7ok su\u00e7lamay\u0131 reddetmesine ra\u011fmen, bedeni ve k\u00f6t\u00fc ruhu (!) i\u015fkence ve ate\u015ften kurtulamad\u0131. Orta \u00e7a\u011flarda k\u00f6t\u00fc ruhlar\u0131 kovma yolu buydu.<\/p>\n

\"man-aut-drv\"<\/a>Adamotu k\u00f6k\u00fc anestezik, afrodizyak, katartik, kolagog, emetik, hipnotik, midriatik, narkotik, nevrin, zehir, purgatif, refrijeran, sedatif ve stim\u00fclan olarak bilinir. Taze k\u00f6kler bir zamanlar kronik a\u011fr\u0131lar, konvulsiyonlar, romatizma a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 ve skroful\u00f6z t\u00fcm\u00f6rlerde kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.\u00a0 D\u00f6v\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f yapraklar\u0131 ile kaynam\u0131\u015f k\u00f6klerinden t\u00fcm\u00f6r tedavisinde yararlan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. S\u00fctle kaynat\u0131lan k\u00f6kler yava\u015f iyile\u015fen yaralara bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Brendi’de bekletilen k\u00f6kler kronik romatizma tedavisinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Adamotundan ayr\u0131ca, ast\u0131m, kolik,\u00a0 \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck, saman nezlesi, hepatit, \u015fizofren ve skleroz’da istifade edilir.<\/p>\n

Baytop’a g\u00f6re k\u00f6kler a\u011fr\u0131 kesici, uyutucu, yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, cinsel kudreti artt\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etkilere sahiptir. %1’lik inf\u00fczyonu g\u00fcnde 1-2 bardak, tozu bir defada 0.20 g hap haline getirilerek g\u00fcnde \u00fc\u00e7 defa al\u0131n\u0131r. Yerli isimleri: Abd\u00fcsselamotu, adamotu, ademotu, at elmas\u0131 (Silifke), hac\u0131larotu, insanotu, kankurutan, toskafa kavunu (Silifke), yerelmas\u0131 (Side)’d\u0131r. \u0130stanbul semt pazarlar\u0131nda, bazen adamotu yerine, d\u00f6v\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f avratotu (Tamus communis) veya E\u015fekh\u0131yar\u0131 (Ecballium elaterium) k\u00f6kleri sat\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130lki ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u011fne bi\u00e7iminde kristaller; di\u011feri ise alkaloit ta\u015f\u0131mamas\u0131yla ay\u0131rt edilir.<\/p>\n

Adamotu \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan kimyasal ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonucunda atropin, apoatropin, hiyosiyamin, skopolamin, belladonin, kuskohidrin, mandragorin, norhiyosiyamin ve skopin gibi alkaloitler ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00f6klerde %0.3 – %0.4 oran\u0131nda bulunan alkaloitlerin birbirlerine olan oran\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir; Hiyosiyamin : skopolamin : atropin (36 : 5 : 2). T\u00fcrkiye’de yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada k\u00f6klerde %0.3-0.4 toplam alkaloit i\u00e7inde atropin (%0.3) ve skopolamin (%0.03) bulunmu\u015ftur. Ayn\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada yapraklarda %0.2, tohumlarda ise %0.1 alkaloit varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f, atropin oran\u0131 yaprakta %0.2 tohumda %0.1 bulunurken; skopolamin oran\u0131 yaprakta %0.04, tohumda ise eser miktarda bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Adamotu tohumlar\u0131nda bulunan sabit ya\u011f\u0131n terkibinde oleik ve linoleik asit, skopolin, skopoletin, 3-alfa-tigloiloksitropan, 3,6-tigloiloksitropan, krizatropik asit ve tropasik asit bulunur. Kuru tohumlar %22.6 sabit ya\u011f ve %22.1 protein ta\u015f\u0131r. Olgun meyvalardan ekstraksiyonla elde edilen u\u00e7ucu ya\u011f\u0131n terkibinde ba\u015fl\u0131ca etilbutirat (%22), hekzanol (%14), butil asetat (%9) ve hekzil asetat (%7) bulunmu\u015ftur. Grubumuz taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, taze meyvalardan distilasyonla elde edilen u\u00e7ucu ya\u011f\u0131n terkibinde ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u015fu ya\u011f asidi esterlerine rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: etil dekanoat (%14), etil dodekanoat (%13), desil asetat (%11).<\/p>\n

Bitki zehirlidir. Atropin hem santral hem de periferik etkili antikolinerjiktir. V\u00fccutta sekresyonlar\u0131 (gastrik, intestinal, nazal, t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck, ter, g\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131) ve mide-barsak motilitesini azalt\u0131r. Safra kesesi, mesane ve rahimde gev\u015feme g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kalp at\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r. G\u00f6zbebe\u011fini geni\u015fletir, intraok\u00fcler bas\u0131nc\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r fotofobi’ye yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n

Levo-hiyosiyamin ve levo-skopolamin benzer etkilere sahiptir, ancak skopolamin daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir hipnotiktir, genellikle kalp at\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yava\u015flat\u0131r. Hiyosiyamin y\u00fcksek dozda serebral korteksi uyar\u0131rken, skopolamin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dozda motor depresan etki, y\u00fcksek dozda ise derin uyku meydana getirir. Geleneksel \u00c7in t\u0131bb\u0131nda skopolamin ta\u015f\u0131yan bitkiler as\u0131rlard\u0131r anestezik olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Adamotundan yap\u0131lan iki ila\u00e7 Martindale-Extra Pharmacopoeia’ de kay\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar: Mandrorhinon ve Rheumadoron’dur. Mandrorhinon, adamotu k\u00f6k\u00fc yan\u0131nda Radix Scopoliae, efedrin HCl, nikotinamit, kalsiyum laktat, kalsiyum hidrojen fosfat, potasyum iyod\u00fcr ve propifenazon ta\u015f\u0131yan kompoze bir ila\u00e7 olup \u00fcst solunum yollar\u0131 enfeksiyonlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Rheumadoron ise homeopatik damla ve merhem halinde bulunur. Merhemi romatizma ve adale a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Terkibinde adamotu k\u00f6k\u00fcnden ba\u015fka Aconitum napellus yumrusu, Arnica montana , Betula alba yapra\u011f\u0131 ve biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis) ya\u011f\u0131 bulunur. Son drog damla formunda bulunmaz.<\/p>\n

T\u0131p ve insanl\u0131k tarihinde yerini alm\u0131\u015f bu \u00f6nemli bitki Ege ve Akdeniz b\u00f6lgesinin kayal\u0131k kesimlerinde, tarla kenarlar\u0131nda ve bo\u015f arazilerde yeti\u015fmekte, y\u0131l\u0131n ilk aylar\u0131nda \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u00e7\u0131p meyveye d\u00f6nmektedir. Yap\u0131lacak yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla bu bitkinin uhrevi olmasa da d\u00fcnyevi pek \u00e7ok yeni \u00f6zelliklerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilece\u011fi inanc\u0131nday\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: H\u00fcsn\u00fc Can Ba\u015fer \u2013 der.ki<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Tarih boyunca, gizemli b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcler d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en etkili bitkisi adamotu olmu\u015ftur. Adamotu, Akdeniz ikliminin h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde yeti\u015fen \u00e7ok y\u0131ll\u0131k bir bitkidir. \u0130ri yapraklara sahip bitkinin g\u00f6vdesi \u00e7ok k\u0131sa oldu\u011fundan yerle bir gibidir. Rozet yapraklar\u0131n ortas\u0131nda mor \u00e7i\u00e7ekler ve daha sonra sar\u0131ms\u0131 renkli meyveler yer al\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu zaman adamotunun ate\u015f renkli oldu\u011fu ve geceleri \u015fim\u015fek …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2390,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2389","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilinmeyen-doga"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2389","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2389"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2389\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2396,"href":"http:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2389\/revisions\/2396"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2390"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2389"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2389"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2389"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}