\u0130nsan \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeden \u00f6nce toprakta ne kadar yatabilir? Bunun yan\u0131t\u0131, cesedin ne kadar derine g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131. Ceset, y\u00fczey ile 1 metre derinlik aras\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcrse kurtlara ve solucanlara yem olur. Bu yarat\u0131klar, cesedi bir y\u0131ldan daha az bir s\u00fcrede iskelete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrler. Ceset iki metre derine g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcrse, 10 y\u0131l sonra bile h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00fczerinde et oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Her ne \u015fekilde olu\u015fmu\u015f olursa olsun, do\u011fal bir mumya ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaz \u00e7abuk davranmak gerekiyor. Onlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan kurutma i\u015flemi, ortamdaki en ufac\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok hassas olmalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Kuruman\u0131n \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeden \u00f6nce ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda meydana gelen do\u011fal mumyalama, ilk yapay mumyalamadan daha eskilerde de biliniyor ve s\u0131rf insanlarda de\u011fil, di\u011fer canl\u0131larda da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda Antarktika\u2019n\u0131n kuru kutup \u00e7\u00f6llerinde 100 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k ay\u0131 bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 mumyalar\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n Kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da Peru-\u015eili s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7evresinde bulunmu\u015f olan Chinchorro antik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, \u00f6l\u00fclerini mumyalamaya 7000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Biri \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde (bu ki\u015finin h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ya da din adam\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekmiyordu) cesedi s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00fcl \u00e7amura ya da toprak ile doldurulurdu.<\/p>\n Daha sonraki y\u0131llarda ise, cesetlerin \u00fczeri yap\u0131\u015fkan bir \u00e7amurla s\u0131vanarak mumyaland\u0131. Bu \u00e7amur sertle\u015fti\u011finde, cesedin \u00e7evresinde koruyucu bir kabuk olu\u015fuyordu. Sonu\u00e7ta, X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda incelenen bu sert mumyalar\u0131n bug\u00fcn bile sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131m korudu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Chinchorrolular\u0131n, M.\u00d6. 1500 dolaylar\u0131nda mumya yapmay\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en kuru b\u00f6lgelerinden biri olan bu y\u00f6rede cesetler kendi kendilerine korunuyorlard\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar bulunmu\u015f olan 282 Chinchorro mumyas\u0131ndan 133\u2019\u00fc do\u011fan\u0131n eseriydi. Bu do\u011fal mumyalar da \u00e7amurla kaplanm\u0131\u015f olan di\u011ferleri gibi, sa\u011flam kalm\u0131\u015f uzuvlara, kemiklere ve dokulara sahiplerdi.<\/p>\n Do\u011fal mumyalar\u0131n, bir \u00e7e\u015fit biyolojik zaman kaps\u00fcl\u00fc i\u00e7inde olu\u015ftu\u011fu da s\u00f6ylenebilir. G\u00fcney Peru\u2019nun eski insanlar\u0131 olan Chiribayal\u0131lar\u0131n korunmu\u015f kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019ya k\u0131zam\u0131k ve \u00e7i\u00e7ek gibi salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131 getiren Avrupal\u0131 ak\u0131n\u0131ndan \u00f6nce, onlar\u0131n hangi hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ge\u00e7irip hangilerini ge\u00e7irmedikleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinmemizi sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n 1000 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki mumyalardan birinin eski sahibi ya\u015farken t\u00fcberk\u00fcloza yakalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu da g\u00f6steriyor ki, bu hastal\u0131k i\u00e7in en az\u0131ndan Colomb\u2019u su\u00e7lamamak gerekiyor. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bu mumyalan ba\u015fka hastal\u0131klar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da incelemeye al\u0131yorlar. Hatta mumyalarda HIV bile aran\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Orta Asya\u2019da, Tiyen\u015fan Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n eteklerinde bulunmu\u015f olan \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 derecede iyi korunmu\u015f mumyalar, erken tarihimizin kabul edilen s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcne g\u00f6lge d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcyor. \u00c7in\u2019in Xinjiang b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan 4000 y\u0131ll\u0131k 100\u2019den fazla mumyan\u0131n hepsi Avrupa\u2019dan gelmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. \u00c7\u00f6l s\u0131ca\u011f\u0131, uzun burun, \u00e7ukur g\u00f6zler ve sar\u0131 sa\u00e7 gibi belirgin beyaz \u0131rk \u00f6zelliklerinin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n \u00dcstelik bu mumyalar\u0131n \u00fczerindeki giysiler de Almanya, Avusturya ve \u0130skandinavya\u2019da bulunan dokuma par\u00e7alar\u0131na \u00e7ok benzeyen bir \u015fekilde i\u015flenmi\u015f\u2026 Bu da demek oluyor ki, eski \u00c7in, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn aksine d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnya ile \u00e7ok daha yo\u011fun bir ili\u015fki i\u00e7indeydi. Belki de ata binmeyi ve tekerle\u011fi bu sar\u0131\u015f\u0131n yabanc\u0131lardan \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n Bilim Adamlar\u0131, mumyalar\u0131n DNA\u2019lar\u0131n\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc yerlilerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak bu gizemli insanlar\u0131n \u00c7in halk\u0131na kar\u0131\u015f\u0131p kar\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Daha kuzeye do\u011fru, Ukok Platosu \u00fczerindeki Rus s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde bulunmu\u015f olan Demir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019na ait mezarlar, d\u00f6vmeli erkek ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n donmu\u015f mumyalar\u0131, dokuma \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, deri e\u015fyalar ve hatta koyun ve at eti par\u00e7alar\u0131yla dolu.<\/p>\n![\"2\"](\"http:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/212.jpg\")
<\/a>Cesedin ilk g\u00fcnk\u00fc halini korumas\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken, onu dondurmak ya da mumyalamakt\u0131r. Ukok Platosu\u2019ndaki mezarlarda bulunan Rus atl\u0131lar\u0131, korunmalar\u0131n\u0131, i\u00e7lerine kadar s\u0131zan suyun toprak alt\u0131ndaki \u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle donma s\u0131na bor\u00e7lular. Mumyalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, \u0131l\u0131k ya da so\u011fuk kuru havan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcmden hemen sonra cesedi kurutmas\u0131yla olu\u015fmu\u015f.<\/p>\n<\/a>Bu durum, arkeologlar\u0131n, eski insanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131, al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131, hayat beklentileri ve yeme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok bilgi toplamalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Deh\u015fet verici bir di\u011fer bulu\u015f da, bunlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131nda, kemiklerin zarar g\u00f6rmesine neden olacak kadar mikroplu yaralar g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n