Zaman: \u0130\u00d6 3150-1550
\nMek\u00e2n: \u00dcrd\u00fcn<\/p>\n
Ve Rab Sodom \u00fczerine ve Gomorra \u00fczerine g\u00f6klerden k\u00fck\u00fcrt ve ate\u015f ya\u011fd\u0131rd\u0131; ve o \u015fehirleri ve b\u00fct\u00fcn havzay\u0131 ve \u015fehirlerde oturanlar\u0131n hepsini ve topra\u011f\u0131n nebat\u0131n\u0131 alt\u00fcst etti. TEKV\u0130N 19:24-25<\/p>\n
Sodom ve Gomorra kentlerinin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 Kitab\u0131 Mukaddes’in Eski Ahit kitab\u0131nda anlat\u0131lan en ilgin\u00e7 hik\u00e2yelerden biridir ve ayn\u0131 hik\u00e2ye Kur’an’da da yinelenmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca karakterler en b\u00fcy\u00fck patriyark olan \u0130brahim ile ye\u011feni L\u00fbt’tur.<\/p>\n
Kentler bug\u00fcn de h\u00e2l\u00e2 ge\u00e7erli olan toprak haklar\u0131, e\u015fcinsellik, ard\u0131ll\u0131k ve aile i\u00e7i zina gibi ciddi ahlaki ikilemlerin y\u00fck\u00fc alt\u0131ndayd\u0131lar. Olay Kitab\u0131 Mukaddes ahlak kurallar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir benzetme olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fse de, bu kentlerin ve hik\u00e2yede anlat\u0131lan olaylar\u0131n varl\u0131klar\u0131 konusunda herhangi bir kan\u0131t var m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n
K\u0130TABI MUKADDES’\u0130N H\u0130K\u00c2YES\u0130<\/p>\n
Hik\u00e2yede \u0130brahim ile L\u00fbt, Kenan topraklar\u0131nda \u00e7obanlar olarak s\u00fcr\u00fclerini otlat\u0131rlar. Hayvanlar \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131nca \u00fclke ikisine de yetmez. Bunun \u00fczerine \u0130brahim ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131na karar verir ve gidece\u011fi yeri ilk se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 L\u00fbt’a verir. L\u00fbt, \u015eeria Vadisinin bol sulu ovas\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7er ve “havzan\u0131n be\u015f zengin kentinden” biri olan Sodom yak\u0131nlar\u0131na yerle\u015fir. Di\u011fer kentler Adma, Tseboim ve Tsoar’d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ancak Sodom erkekleri g\u00fcnahk\u00e2r e\u015fcinsellerdir ve Tanr\u0131 e\u011fer pi\u015fmanl\u0131k getirmedikleri takdirde hepsini yok edece\u011fi uyar\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftur. \u0130brahim, Tanr\u0131 ile su\u00e7lular\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra d\u00fcr\u00fcst insanlar\u0131 da yok etmenin ahlakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r; sonunda Sodom’daki tek d\u00fcr\u00fcst insan\u0131n L\u00fbt oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
L\u00fbt’u Sodom’u bekleyen felaket konusunda uyarmak \u00fczere iki melek g\u00f6nderilir. Sodomlular L\u00fbt’un tanr\u0131sal ziyaret\u00e7ilerini duyunca evine gidip g\u00f6rmek isterler. K\u00f6t\u00fc Sodomlular’\u0131n melekleri taciz edeceklerinden korkan L\u00fbt, kalabal\u0131\u011fa onlar yerine iki bakire k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 sunar. Melekler kap\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcndeki Sodomlular’\u0131 k\u00f6r edip L\u00fbt’a ailesini al\u0131p ka\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylerler.<\/p>\n
Tanr\u0131 Sodom ve Gomorra kentlerine k\u00fck\u00fcrt ve ate\u015f ya\u011fd\u0131r\u0131rken L\u00fbt kar\u0131s\u0131 ve iki k\u0131z\u0131yla Tsoar kentine ka\u00e7maya ba\u015flar. Ancak yolda L\u00fbt’un kar\u0131s\u0131 Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n arkas\u0131na bakmama emrine uymay\u0131nca bir tuz “dire\u011fine” d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. L\u00fbt, Tsoar’da kalmaya korkarak k\u0131zlar\u0131yla bir ma\u011faraya s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r. K\u0131zlar uzun bir tecrit d\u00f6neminden sonra kendilerine bir \u00e7ocuk verip soylar\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak bir erkek bulamayacaklar\u0131ndan korkarlar. Bu nedenle babalar\u0131n\u0131 sarho\u015f edip ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark edemeyece\u011fi bir s\u0131rada i\u011ffal etmeye karar verirler. Bu zina birle\u015fmesinden iki erkek evlat do\u011far: Moabl\u0131lar ve Ammono\u011fullar\u0131 kabilelerinin atalar\u0131 olan Moab ve Ben-ammi.
\nBu hik\u00e2yenin herhangi bir noktas\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda elimizde hangi kan\u0131tlar vard\u0131r? L\u00fbt G\u00f6l\u00fc b\u00f6lgesinde Sodom ve Gomorra hik\u00e2yesini do\u011frulayacak baz\u0131 do\u011fal ve jeolojik olgulara rastlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, son zamanlardaki arkeolojik ke\u015fifler de kutsal kitab\u0131n hik\u00e2yelerine belirli bir inan\u0131l\u0131rl\u0131k kazand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
OLGULARIN DO\u011eAL OLARAK MEYDANA GELMES\u0130<\/p>\n
\u0130ki b\u00fcy\u00fck kara k\u00fctlesinin birbirlerinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda L\u00fbt G\u00f6l\u00fc’nde s\u0131k s\u0131k depremler olur. Tarihi kay\u0131tlardan ba\u015fka yerlerde kentlerin ge\u00e7mi\u015fte depremlerle yok olduklar\u0131n\u0131 biliriz ve e\u011fer bunlar fay hatt\u0131 \u00fczerindeyseler depremler de daha \u015fiddetli olur. Ayn\u0131 jeolojik s\u00fcre\u00e7 yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn en al\u00e7ak su k\u00fctlesini de yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Deniz y\u00fczeyinin yakla\u015f\u0131k 400 metre alt\u0131nda derin bir vadide yer alan L\u00fbt G\u00f6l\u00fc tuz oran\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bir sudur, tuz yo\u011funlu\u011fu dibe do\u011fru giderek artar ve k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda s\u0131k s\u0131k tuz olu\u015fumlar\u0131na rastlan\u0131r. Bu tuz s\u00fctunlar\u0131 kimi zaman bir tesad\u00fcf sonucu insan bi\u00e7iminde olabilir ve L\u00fbt G\u00f6l\u00fc’ne d\u00fc\u015fen her \u015fey k\u0131sa zamanda tuzla kaplan\u0131r ve g\u00f6lde bakteriler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bitki ve hayvan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015famas\u0131na engel olur. Bu nedenle L\u00fbt’un kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n tuz s\u00fctununa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi hik\u00e2yesinin b\u00f6yle bir ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 ama do\u011fal s\u00fcre\u00e7ten kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
L\u00fbt G\u00f6l\u00fc’n\u00fcn di\u011fer bir garip \u00f6zelli\u011fi de zift bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin olmas\u0131d\u0131r ve bu da zaman zaman iri topaklar ya da petrol birikintileri olarak y\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kar. Sodom ve Gomorra krallar\u0131n\u0131n Suriye krallar\u0131yla bir sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda ka\u00e7arlarken “zift kuyular\u0131na” d\u00fc\u015fmeleri olay\u0131 da akla bu durumu getirir (Ve Siddim Vadisi zift kuyular\u0131 ile dolu idi ve Sodom ve Gomorra krallar\u0131 ka\u00e7t\u0131lar ve orada d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler ve geri kalanlar da\u011fa ka\u00e7t\u0131lar; Tekvin 14:10).<\/p>\n
Dahas\u0131, L\u00fbt G\u00f6l\u00fc k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yumu\u015fak kire\u00e7li topraklar\u0131nda yumruk b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde k\u00fck\u00fcrt toplar\u0131na rastlan\u0131r. Eski Ahit’in Sodom ve Gomorra hik\u00e2yesini yazanlar, “k\u00fck\u00fcrt ta\u015f\u0131” ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri bu alev alan toplar\u0131 mutlaka biliyor olmal\u0131yd\u0131lar. O nedenle g\u00f6klerden ya\u011fan ate\u015f ya\u011fmurunun kentleri yak\u0131p y\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hik\u00e2yesi bu garip nesnelerden kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n
SODOM VE GOMORRA’YI ARARKEN<\/p>\n
Kitab\u0131 Mukaddes bilginleri ve arkeologlar y\u00fcz y\u0131ldan uzun bir s\u00fcredir Sodom ve Gomorra kentlerinin bulundu\u011fu yerleri saptamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. \u0130lk \u00f6nceleri bunlar\u0131n L\u00fbt G\u00f6l\u00fc’n\u00fcn kuzeyinde mi yoksa g\u00fcneyinde m\u0131 oldu\u011fu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
De Saulcy, 1851’de L\u00fbt G\u00f6l\u00fc’n\u00fcn kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada Eriha ve Kumran’\u0131n kay\u0131p kentler oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. 1920’lerde Peder Alexis Mallon’un kuzeydo\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Teleylat Ghassul’da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaz\u0131lar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Kalkolitik D\u00f6nem (\u0130\u00d6 yakla\u015f\u0131k 3600) yerle\u015fim birimini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ki, bu daha inan\u0131l\u0131r bir alternatif olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu \u00f6nerinin aksayan yan\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu bilimadamlar\u0131n\u0131n Sodom ve Gomorra hik\u00e2yesinin yerald\u0131\u011f\u0131na inand\u0131klar\u0131 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’nda (\u0130\u00d6 3150-1550) bu alanda bir yerle\u015fim izine rastlan\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n
1896’da bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015eeria’da Medeba’da 6 ile 7. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalma bir mozaik harita bulundu. Bu haritada L\u00fbt’un ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk kent olan Tsoar, L\u00fbt G\u00f6l\u00fc’n\u00fcn g\u00fcneydo\u011fu u\u00e7undayd\u0131. Klasik tarih\u00e7iler Diodorus, Strabon, Joscphus ve Tacitus ve daha sonra orta\u00e7a\u011f Arap co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131 Yakut, Mesudi, Mukaddesi ve \u0130bn Abbas bu b\u00f6lgeyi tarif etmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n
William F. Albright, Rahip Melvin G. Kyle, Peder Alexis Mallon ve di\u011ferleri 1924’te b\u00f6lgeyi ara\u015ft\u0131rarak Tsoar’\u0131n yerini do\u011frulamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Tsoar’\u0131n Moab \u00fclkesi olarak saptanmas\u0131 kendilerini, Kitab\u0131 Mukaddes’te Arnon olarak belirlenen Mucip Nehri’nin g\u00fcneyini ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6neltti. Lisan yar\u0131madas\u0131n\u0131 ve yak\u0131nlardaki vadileri ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f Safi kasabas\u0131n\u0131n eski Tsoar oldu\u011funda karar k\u0131ld\u0131lar. Sir John Maundevil de 1322 ile 1356 aras\u0131nda Safi’yi ziyaret etti\u011finde bu kuram\u0131 \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nce ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.
\nSodom ve Gomorra’n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na 1930’larda L\u00fbt G\u00f6l\u00fc’n\u00fcn g\u00fcneyindeki s\u0131\u011f havzay\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131ran Le P.F.M. Abel, F. Frank ve Nelson Glueck kat\u0131ld\u0131lar. Bu tuz kapl\u0131 alan Eski Ahit’in “tuz denizinin yan\u0131ndaki Siddim vadisi” tan\u0131m\u0131na uymaktad\u0131r (Bunlar\u0131n hepsi Siddim vadisinde [bir tuz denizidir] birle\u015ftiler,-Tekvin 14:3).<\/p>\n
Konstantinos Politis taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan son ara\u015ft\u0131rmada Safi’nin ger\u00e7ekten Tsoar oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 ve tam da Medeba haritas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi yerde \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
“Havza \u015fehirleri”nin (Ve L\u00fbt, Havza \u015fehirlerinde oturdu ve Sodom’a do\u011fru \u00e7ad\u0131r kurard\u0131; Tekvin 13: 12} L\u00fbt G\u00f6l\u00fc’n\u00fcn sular\u0131 alt\u0131nda kaybolmu\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00f6nerisi ilk kez 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l hac\u0131lar\u0131ndan Egeria taraf\u0131ndan ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\u00c7ok daha sonra 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda William Lynch’in, Albright’\u0131n ve Kyle’\u0131n denizin kuzey ucunda oldu\u011funu bildirdikleri birka\u00e7 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ada, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde su alt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. L\u00fbt G\u00f6l\u00fc g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, ABD’nin uzay kurulu\u015fu olan NASA taraf\u0131ndan, uydu foto\u011fraflar\u0131 ve suyun alt\u0131nda da deniz taban\u0131 incelemeleriyle ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonucunda ula\u015f\u0131lan genel yarg\u0131ya g\u00f6re, Sodom ve Gomorra’n\u0131n, k\u0131y\u0131dan \u00e7ok, L\u00fbt G\u00f6l\u00fc’n\u00fcn alt\u0131nda bulunabilece\u011fi kuram\u0131 kesinlikle inan\u0131l\u0131r gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n
SON ARKEOLOJ\u0130K KANITLAR<\/p>\n
Paul Lapp, Walter Rast, Thomas Shaub ve Burton MacDonald taraf\u0131ndan yak\u0131n zamanlarda eski k\u0131y\u0131 boylar\u0131nda ve L\u00fbt G\u00f6l\u00fc’n\u00fcn g\u00fcney havzas\u0131n\u0131n jeolojik fay hatlar\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve kaz\u0131lar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar 1970’li ve 80’li y\u0131llarda oralarda bir zamanlar b\u00fcy\u00fck yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffetmi\u015flerdir. Bab ed-Drah gibi baz\u0131lar\u0131 Erken Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’nda (\u0130\u00d6 yakla\u015f\u0131k 3000 y\u0131llar\u0131} yanarak yok olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bunlar efsanevi “havza \u015fehirleri” olabilirler mi? 1976’da bu kentlerin Suriye’deki Ebla’da bulunan Erken Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 tabletlerinde yer ald\u0131klar\u0131 saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ke\u015fif, kentlerin tarihi varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulamakta m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n
Konstantinos Politis 1990’larda Safi yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Deyr’Ayn’Abata’y\u0131 kazm\u0131\u015f ve ilk Bizans H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131’n\u0131n L\u00fbt’un, Sodom ve Gomorra’n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Kitab\u0131 Mukaddes’te anlat\u0131lanlara g\u00f6re, s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ma\u011fara oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lan ma\u011faran\u0131n \u00fczerinde in\u015fa edilmi\u015f bir kilise kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Erken ve Orta Tun\u00e7 \u00e7a\u011flan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 da ma\u011faran\u0131n Tekvin hik\u00e2yesinin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenen d\u00f6nemde isk\u00e2n edildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu arada yak\u0131n \u00e7evrelerdeki kaz\u0131larda da benzer Orta Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 eserlerine rastlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Eski Ahit asl\u0131nda bir ahlaki rehberlik kitab\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyorsa da, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f arkeolojik ve jeolojik ke\u015fiflerin Sodom ve Gomorra hik\u00e2yesinin yer alm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi fiziki ve tarihi mek\u00e2nlar\u0131 do\u011fruluyor olmas\u0131 gayet ilgin\u00e7.<\/p>\n
Al\u0131nt\u0131….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Zaman: \u0130\u00d6 3150-1550 Mek\u00e2n: \u00dcrd\u00fcn Ve Rab Sodom \u00fczerine ve Gomorra \u00fczerine g\u00f6klerden k\u00fck\u00fcrt ve ate\u015f ya\u011fd\u0131rd\u0131; ve o \u015fehirleri ve b\u00fct\u00fcn havzay\u0131 ve \u015fehirlerde oturanlar\u0131n hepsini ve topra\u011f\u0131n nebat\u0131n\u0131 alt\u00fcst etti. TEKV\u0130N 19:24-25 Sodom ve Gomorra kentlerinin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 Kitab\u0131 Mukaddes’in Eski Ahit kitab\u0131nda anlat\u0131lan en ilgin\u00e7 hik\u00e2yelerden biridir ve ayn\u0131 hik\u00e2ye Kur’an’da da yinelenmi\u015ftir. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1488,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1487","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-batik-uygarliklar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1487","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1487"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1487\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1492,"href":"https:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1487\/revisions\/1492"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1488"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1487"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1487"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kosmosmacerasi.com\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1487"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}